Lactoferrin is an important protein in human milk (range 0.02-0.2 g/dL) at different lactating stages.
A number of clinical trials have successfully been performed using whey in the treatment of cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and as an antimicrobial agent. The primary mechanism by which whey exerts its effects is by intracellular conversion of amino acid cysteine to glutathione, a potent intracellular antioxidant. In addition, whey, an antioxidant, can act as an antihypertensive, antitumor, hypolipidemic, antiviral, antibacterial, and chelating agent. The biological components of whey, including lactoferrin, β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, glycomacropeptide, and immunoglobulins, demonstrate a variety of immune-enhancing properties. Whey, a protein complex derived from milk, is touted as a functional food with a number of health benefits. However, most of the marketing formulas for infants contain whey/caseins at a ratio of 6/4 to 4/6. It has been reported that human breast milk contains whey/caseins at a ratio of 9/1 to 6/4 in different lactating periods. Milk contains two primary sources of protein: caseins and whey. The current maximum protein content of 4.5 g/100 kcal is too high because there is no physiological reason to provide protein at this level. total nitrogen × 6.25) and a maximum total protein content of 3.4 g/100 kcal in infant formulas have been recommended. Therefore, safe and effective means to fortify human milk are essential to the care of VLBW infants.Ī minimum protein content of 1.7 g/100 kcal (i.e. However, the amounts of calcium, phosphorus, zinc and other nutrients are inadequate to meet the needs of the very low birth weight (VLBW) infants during growth. Human milk is a key component of any strategy for enteral nutrition of all infants.
#Aa daily reflection oct 28 full#
Trophic feedings (small volume of feeding given at the same rate for at least 5 d) during PN are a strategy to enhance the feeding tolerance and decrease the side effects of PN and the time to achieve full feeding. PN may help to meet many of the nutritional needs of these infants, but has significant detrimental side effects. The fear of necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerance are the major factors limiting the use of the enteral route as the primary means of nourishing premature infants. The number of nutrients found in human milk was recommended as a guideline in establishing the minimum and maximum levels in infant formulas. Searches of MEDLINE (1998-2007), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2007), abstracts and conference proceedings, references from relevant publications in the English language were performed, showing that breast milk is the preferred source of nutrients for enteral feeding of newborn infants. This review summarizes the current research progress in the nutritional management of newborn infants. Since their feeding may increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, some high-risk infants receive a small volume of feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN) without enteral feeding. The requirements of growth and organ development create a challenge in nutritional management of newborn infants, especially premature newborn and intestinal-failure infants.
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